Virtual coordinate based techniques for wireless sensor networks: a simulation tool and localization & planarization algorithms

2013 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) are deployments of smart sensor devices for monitoring environmental or physical phenomena. These sensors have the ability to communicate with other sensors within communication range or with a base station. Each sensor, at a minimum, comprises of sensing, processing, transmission, and power units. This thesis focuses on virtual coordinate based techniques in WSNs. Virtual Coordinates (VCs) characterize each node in a network with the minimum hop distances to a set of anchor nodes, as its coordinates. It provides a compelling alternative to some of the localization applications such as routing. Building a WSN testbed is often infeasible and costly. Running real experiments on WSNs testbeds is time consuming, difficult and sometimes not feasible given the scope and size of applications. Simulation is, therefore, the most common approach for developing and testing new protocols and techniques for sensor networks. Though many general and wireless sensor network specific simulation tools are available, no available tool currently provides an intuitive interface or a tool for virtual coordinate based simulations. A simulator called VCSIM is presented which focuses specifically on Virtual Coordinate Space (VCS) in WSNs. With this simulator, a user can easily create WSNs networks of different sizes, shapes, and distributions. Its graphical user interface (GUI) facilitates placement of anchors and generation of VCs. Localization in WSNs is important for several reasons including identification and correlation of gathered data, node addressing, evaluation of nodes' density and coverage, geographic routing, object tracking, and other geographic algorithms. But due to many constraints, such as limited battery power, processing capabilities, hardware costs, and measurement errors, localization still remains a hard problem in WSNs. In certain applications, such as security sensors for intrusion detection, agriculture, land monitoring, and fire alarm sensors in a building, the sensor nodes are always deployed in an orderly fashion, in contrast to random deployments. In this thesis, a novel transformation is presented to obtain position of nodes from VCs in rectangular, hexagonal and triangular grid topologies. It is shown that with certain specific anchor placements, a location of a node can be accurately approximated, if the length of a shortest path in given topology between a node and anchors is equal to length of a shortest path in full topology (i.e. a topology without any voids) between the same node and anchors. These positions are obtained without the need of any extra localization hardware. The results show that more than 90% nodes were able to identify their position in randomly deployed networks of 80% and 85% node density. These positions can then be used for deterministic routing which seems to have better avg. path length compared to geographic routing scheme called "Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR)". In many real world applications, manual deployment is not possible in exact regular rectangular, triangular or hexagonal grids. Due to placement constraint, nodes are often placed with some deviation from ideal grid positions. Because of placement tolerance and due to non-isotropic radio patterns nodes may communicate with more or less number of neighbors than needed and may form cross-links causing non-planar topologies. Extracting planar graph from network topologies is known as network planarization. Network planarization has been an important technique in numerous sensor network protocols--such as GPSR for efficient routing, topology discovery, localization and data-centric storage. Most of the present planarization algorithms are based on location information. In this thesis, a novel network planarization algorithm is presented for rectangular, hexagonal and triangular topologies which do not use location information. The results presented in this thesis show that with placement errors of up to 30%, 45%, and 30% in rectangular, triangular and hexagonal topologies respectively we can obtain good planar topologies without the need of location information. It is also shown that with obtained planar topology more nodes acquire unique VCs

BIG DATA MINING TOOLS FOR UNSTRUCTURED DATA: A REVIEW

Big data is a buzzword that is used for a large size data which includes structured data, semi-structured data and unstructured data. The size of big data is so large, that it is nearly impossible to collect, process and store data using traditional database management system and software techniques. Therefore, big data requires different approaches and tools to analyze data. The process of collecting, storing and analyzing large amount of data to find unknown patterns is called as big data analytics. The information and patterns found by the analysis process is used by large enterprise and companies to get deeper knowledge and to make better decision in faster way to get advantage over competition. So, better techniques and tools must be developed to analyze and process big data. Big data mining is used to extract useful information from large datasets which is mostly unstructured data. Unstructured data is data that has no particular structure, it can be any form. Today, storage of high dimensional data has no standard structure or schema, because of this problem has risen. This paper gives an overview of big data sources, challenges, scope and unstructured data mining techniques that can be used for big data

Functional outcome of Schatzker type V and VI tibial plateau fractures managed with open reduction internal fixation using dual plates

Background: Complex tibial plateau fractures remain a challenge to even the most experienced surgeons. These injuries usually affect the young population in their productive years thereby causing socioeconomic impact. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the functional outcome of of Schatzker type V and VI managed through open reduction and internal fixation.Methods: 26 patients with Schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation using plates were included in the study. Three patients were lost to follow up, 23 patients were evaluated in the final analysis. The preoperative, intraoperative data was noted from the indoor files.The final evaluation was done using Oxford knee score and VAS score.Results: There were nine Schatzker type V fractures and 14 patients with Schatzker type VI fractures. The mean duration of follow-up was 68.32 months ranging from 41 months to 126 months. The mean Oxford knee score was 39.78. Patients with Schatzker type VI had mean OKS of 37.7.The mean MPTA and mean PPTA were 88.75 degrees and 7.35 degrees respectively. Average VAS Score was 2.8 ranging from 1 to 3.9. All patients returned to their pre-injury level of activity and employment. There were no patients of deep infection. Conclusions: We conclude that open reduction and internal fixation of high-energy tibial plateau fractures gives excellent to good functional outcome with minimal soft tissue complications. The complications can be minimized with proper patient selection and soft tissue dissection

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV